Prevalence of fetal and neonatal mortality due to congenital anomalies in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, from 2001-2016

Introduction: The infant mortality rate (IMR) is an important health indicator directly associated with living conditions, prenatal care coverage, social development conditions, and parental education, among others. Worldwide, the infant mortality rate was 29/1000 live births in 2017. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the fetal and infant mortality rates due to congenital anomalies (CA) in Maranhão from 2001 to 2016. Methods: Data were obtained from the SINASC, and SIM databases. We used simple linear regression, Poisson distribution, and ANOVA (Bonferroni's post hoc test). We analyzed the public data (2001­2016) of 1934858 births and determined the fetal, neonatal, perinatal, and post-neonatal mortality rates associated with CA by mesoregions. Results: The IMR in Maranhão was 17.01/1000 live births (95%CI, 13.30-20.72) and CA was the cause of death in 13.3% of these deaths. Mortality due to CA (per 1000 live births) was 0.76 (95%CI, 0.74­0.85) for fetal mortality rate and 2.27 (95%CI, 1.45-3.10) for infant mortality rate. Geographic and temporal variations were observed with a slight increase in recent years for deaths attributable to CA, and in the northern part of Maranhão. Conclusions: Mortality rates due to CA in Maranhão increased over the period 2001­2016 possibly as a result of improved maternal-infant health conditions eliminating other causes of death. Therefore, efforts to improve early diagnosis and better treatment of congenital anomalies should be considered to reduce its impact on child mortality. (AU)

Asociación entre blastocistosis y anemia por déficit de hierro en mujeres embarazadas en el municipio La Lisa, La Habana, Cuba / Association between Blastocystosis and Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnant Women in La Lisa Municipality, Havana, Cuba

Introducción: Estudios recientes encontraron asociación entre blastocistosis y anemia por déficit de hierro. Uno de ellos demostró que en mujeres embarazadas la infección por Blastocystis spp. es un factor de riesgo para padecerla y puede tener consecuencias adversas tanto para la madre, como para el feto que en casos extremos puede conducir a mortalidad maternofetal. Objetivo: Conocer la prevalencia de blastocistosis en mujeres embarazadas y su posible asociación con la anemia ferropénica. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio parasitológico, clínico y epidemiológico, de tipo descriptivo y de corte transversal, al universo de las gestantes atendidas en tres policlínicos del municipio La Lisa, entre julio 2017 y junio 2018. Resultados: De 135 embarazadas, 43 (31,9 por ciento) estaban infectadas por protozoos parásitos. De estos, Blastocystis spp, fue el más prevalente (28,9 por ciento). Del total de gestantes, 41 padecían de anemia. En la mayoría de estas (85,4 por ciento), la anemia clasificaba como ferropénica. La proporción de embarazadas parasitadas por Blastocystis spp. que padecían este tipo de anemia, en relación con las gestantes que no estaban infectadas por ese protozoo y también padecían de ese tipo de anemia fue significativamente mayor (p lt; 0,05). Conclusiones: Blastocistosis es una parasitosis de prevalencia creciente e insuficientemente conocida. Iniciativas para mejorar conocimientos, percepciones y prácticas en relación con su diagnóstico, tratamiento y control son perentorias a nivel popular y académico. Las estrategias de comunicación que se implementen deben informar sobre las posibles consecuencias clínicas de la infección en relación con la mujer embarazada(AU)

Introduction: Recent studies found an association between blastocystosis and iron deficiency anemia. One of them showed that the infection with Blastocystis spp is a risk factor for in pregnant women to suffer. This infection can have adverse consequences for both the mother and the fetus. In extreme cases it can lead to maternal and fetal mortality. Objective: To know the prevalence of blastocystosis in pregnant women and its possible association with iron deficiency anemia. Methods: A parasitological, clinical and epidemiological study, descriptive and cross-sectional was conducted on the universe of pregnant women treated in three clinics in La Lisa municipality from July 2017 to June 2018. Results: We found 43 (31.9 percent) pregnant women infected by parasitic protozoa out of 135 who were studied. Blastocystis spp, was the most prevalent (28.9 percent). 41 pregnant women suffered from anemia. In most of them (85.4 percent), anemia classified as iron deficiency. The proportion of pregnant women parasitized by Blastocystis spp who suffered from this type of anemia was significantly higher (p lt;0.05) in relation to pregnant women who were not infected by that protozoan and also suffered from that type of anemia. Conclusions: Blastocystosis is a parasitosis of increasing prevalence which is insufficiently known. Initiatives to improve knowledge, perceptions and practices are peremptory to their diagnosis, treatment and control at the general and academic levels. The communication strategies that are implemented should inform about possible clinical consequences of this infection in pregnant woman(AU)

Fatores de risco relacionados à mortalidade fetal / Risk factors related to fetal mortality

Introdução: Pouca atenção tem sido dada às mortes que ocorrem antes do nascimento, apesar da mortalidade fetal ser influenciada pelas mesmas circunstâncias e ter as mesmas etiologias que a mortalidade neonatal precoce. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade fetal. Métodos: Estudo do tipo caso-controle, incluindo os partos ocorridos entre Março/1998 e Maio/2004. Foram incluídos 183 casos (natimortos) e 342 controles (nativivos). Para testar a associação entre as variáveis independente (preditoras) e dependente (natimortos), foi utilizado o teste qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher, quando indicado, considerando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Para determinação da força da associação foi utilizada a estimativa do risco relativo para os estudos de caso-controle, Odds Ratio (OR), calculando seu intervalo de confiança a 95%. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística seguindo o modelo hierarquizado para controle dos fatores de confusão. Resultados: A taxa de mortalidade fetal correspondeu a 16,8/1.000 nascimentos vivos. Depois da análise multivariada, as variáveis que persistiram significativamente associadas ao óbito fetal foram: presença de malformações (OR= 9,7; IC95%=4,7-20,2), número de consultas durante o pré-natal inferior a seis (OR=5,1; IC95%=3,3-7,8), síndromes hipertensivas (OR=2.7; IC95%=1,5-4,7), menos do que oito anos de estudo (OR=1,6; IC95%=1,0-2,6) e natimortalidade prévia (OR=11,5; IC95%=3,2-41,7). Conclusão: Os fatores de risco identificados e que estiveram relacionados com a morte fetal foram a presença de malformações congênitas, números de consultas de pré-natal inferior a seis, síndromes hipertensivas, menos do que oito anos de estudo e natimortalidade prévia.

Introduction: Little attention has been given to deaths that occur before birth, although fetal mortality is influenced by the same circumstances and has the same causes as early neonatal mortality. The aim of this study was to analyze the risk factors associated with fetal mortality. Methods: A case-control study including births between March 1998 and May 2004. The study included 183 cases (stillbirths) and 342 controls (live births). To test the association between independent (predictors) and dependent (stillborn) variables, we used the chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, when indicated, considering the significance level of 5%. To determine the strength of association we used an estimate of relative risk for case-control studies, odds ratio (OR), calculating the confidence interval at 95%. A logistic regression analysis was performed following the hierarchy model to control for confounding factors. Results: The fetal mortality rate amounted to 16.8/1,000 live births. After multivariate analysis, the variables that remained significantly associated with fetal death were malformation (OR = 9.7, 95% CI 4.7 to 20.2), fewer than six visits during the prenatal period (OR = 5.1, 95% CI 3.3 to 7.8), hypertensive disorders (OR = 2.7, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.7), fewer than eight years of schooling (OR = 1.6 , 95% CI 1.0 to 2.6) and prior stillbirth (OR = 11.5, 95% CI 3.2 to 41.7). Conclusion: The identified risk factors for fetal death were congenital malformations, fewer than six prenatal consultations, hypertensive disorders, fewer than eight years of schooling, and previous stillbirth.

Resultados fetais e infantis da gravidez na adolescência e sua recorrência: um estudo no município do Rio de Janeiro / Fetal and infant outcomes of teenage pregnancy and its recurrence: a study in the city of Rio de Janeiro

Esta tese é produto do “Estudo da Morbi-mortalidade e da Atenção Peri e Neonatal no Município do Rio de Janeiro”. O estudo teve o propósito de investigar os resultados fetais e infantis da gravidez na adolescência e da sua recorrência no município. A tese foi apresentada sob a forma de artigos. No primeiro deles, o objetivo foi identificar o efeito da gravidez na adolescência e de outros determinantes da mortalidade fetal e infantil no Município do Rio de Janeiro, usando o modelo de análise hierarquizada. Uma amostra com 9.041 nascimentos e 228 óbitos foi selecionada. A gravidez na adolescência se destacou como variável com efeito direto para o óbito no período pós-neonatal. O baixo peso ao nascer e a prematuridade foram corroborados como determinantes do óbito fetal e neonatal. A agressão física surgiu como importante determinante do óbito neonatal. Os resultados mostraram o efeito protetor do pré-natal adequado para o óbito fetal e neonatal. Os achados do segundo artigo apontaram a magnitude da recorrência da gravidez adolescência no município e verificou a associação entre as gestações sucessivas, o perfil das adolescentes e os efeitos adversos na saúde do recém-nascido. A análise estatística testou a hipótese de homogeneidade de proporções mediante análise bi e multivariada. Observou-se que, entre as 1.986 adolescentes, 31,4 por cento já haviam experimentado a maternidade anteriormente. Características socioeconômicas e viver com o companheiro se associaram com a recorrência da gravidez na adolescência...

This thesis is product of the “Study of Perinatal and Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality and Childbirth Care in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro”. The study aimed at the investigation the fetal and infantile results of the pregnancy in the adolescence and the repeated pregnancy among adolescence in the city. The thesis was presented in three scientific papers. In the first of them, the objective was to identify the effect of teenage pregnancy and of others determinants of fetal and infant mortality in the Municipality of Rio de Janeiro. The study was conducted on a sample of births in Rio de Janeiro and exposure variables were organized in hierarchical levels. A sample of 9.041 births and 228 deaths were selected. Teenage pregnancy itself was a direct effect for post-neonatal death. Low birth weight and prematurity were corroborated as determinants of fetal and neonatal death. Self-report of physical abuse were significantly more with having a neonatal death. The results showed the protective effect of adequate prenatal care for fetal and neonatal death. The second article tries to investigate the magnitude of the repeated pregnancy among adolescence, and to verify the association among the successive gestations, the profile of adolescents and the effects in the health of the newborns. The statistical analysis aimed to test the hypothesis of homogeneity of proportions, including bi and multivariate analysis. Among 1986 adolescents, 31.4% reported a repeated pregnancy. Results indicated the association of sociodemographic characteristics and stable partner to repeat pregnancy among adolescent...